This is a special low voltage version of my audio preamp. T1’s emitter voltage is biased close to half supply voltage (1.5V) to allow for maximum output voltage swing. Both transistors are direct coupled and have closed loop feedback to aid temperature stability.
T2 realises the amplifiers full voltage gain, and for low noise operation, T2 [...]
The following schematic is of the discrete component replacement for the LM3909.
The values of the components were chosen to match those in the integrated circuit however resistor R5 is a guesstimate fit as the Q2 portion of the circuit as Q2 in the integrated circuit is a “current mirror” which is a type of current [...]
In the circuit diagram for the Joule Thief, the common point of the toroid is the connection at the top of the hand-wound ferrite toroid, in the upper right of the diagram. This goes to the positive end of the battery. The other two wires from the toroid go to the resistor and to the [...]
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